swirl marks cause

Depending on your definition of swirl marks, they can be caused by a variety of things.



Improper machine buffing or use.



Cobwebbing/marring:

Bad washing & drying technique

Using the wrong tool for the job

Not completely cleaning the car during the wash and then proceeding to drying.

Etc., etc.
 
Buffer swirls are caused by 1) the machine itself 2) the abrsives in the product and 3) an aggressive pad.



Take away the abrasive product and aggressive pad and replace them with a fine finishing product and pad and you'll have little to no swirls.



Anthony
 
Note that there are differing interpretations of "swirls". Anthony uses the classic definition, i.e. that "swirls" are "buffer swirls".



It seems that most people use the term to mean any kind of circular/elliptical/etc. marring, making it sorta interchangeable with "spiderwebs"/"cobwebs"/etc. These are, IMO, 99% the result of wash/dry techniques. The trick here is to a) use nonabrasive wash/dry media and b) move the potentially abrasive dirt off the paint without pressing it *against* the paint in the process, easier said than done.
 
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