Steve, I think you have identified the fallacy in the test: what did these four fellows do? I have no doubt that "scrubbing away" (the words from the article) at a dirt-encrusted car damages the paint.
Washing a car requires a strict regime to avoid damage, as we all know. And, we know that any time you <em class='bbc'>rub the paint[/i] you are at risk. Whenever you are about to rub the paint, you better know why you aren’t about to damage the paint.
This means that you have to get as much dirt as possible off the car before you touch the paint. I rinse with a hose, and then forcefully spray using a hose attachment that mixes car shampoo in with the water. My purpose for the actual washing (mitt to paint) is to remove film, smudges, etc., not dirt particles. The last thing I want to do is to try to <em class='bbc'>rub off[/i] dirt particles, large or small. That is just going to abrade the paint.
Even with this "pre-wash" technique, frequent and thorough rinsing of the mitt is vital. Rinsing when you can see the dirt is too late. If you can see the dirt, it means you have already been rubbing the paint with a dirty mitt.
There are two earlier steps that are key to the process:
a. don't let the car get too dirty to begin with and,
b. if it does get dirty (despite garaging and covering), don't let dirt get "caked and baked" on to the car.
The two points above mean:
1. keeping the car garaged and covered when parked out of the garage, and
2. checking-out the car when you come out from a store, etc., to see if you have any bird bombs or other contaminants on the paint and removing them right then before they have a chance to set or dry on the paint.
Using this approach, my car never gets "dirty" to begin with. Now, in bad weather, mud, etc., it takes a lot more work to use this approach. It means not really "washing" the car, but carefully removing mud splashes, etc. immediately, before they harden and while they can be rinsed off or, if you did not get to them quickly enough, trying to hose them off with pressure or letting them soak in a shampoo solution. I just assume that if I have to forcefully <em class='bbc'>rub[/i], there is a significant chance I am about to damage the paint -- maybe a lot, or maybe just a tiny bit, but something.
If the above is required to avoid damaging the paint, what do you think the four "hand washers" were doing to the paint during the university test?