Good question.
You know by the fruit of your labor and with the knowledge that you followed the correct steps.
Some products are going to bond better than others simply due to their chemistry. Some products require a dry time before you can wipe the excess off. These products will show different signs of being ready to be wiped off too (bonding). Some will haze to show they are dry and some will dry clear and you tell they are dry because they won't smear when swiped.
When I apply my LSP. Many times I use a machine that leaves very little excess if any to be wiped off. Therefore the only sign I have that it has bonded is how well it holds up. Keep in mind that properly bonding to the surface is just one factor to the durability of a product though. So if it didn't hold up, improper bonding is only one possible cause.